Australian English

1. Australian position (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is the name given to the sort of dialects spoken in Australia that form a major variety of the incline terminology. Australian face began to diverge fromBritish face soon subsequently the foundation of theColony of refreshful sulphur Wales in1788. The history of Australian slope starts with kangaroo (1770) and Captain James Cooks glossary of local anesthetic wrangling used in negotiations with the Endeavour River tribes. The language was pidgin. 2. Varieties of Australian incline. just indigenut linguists consider there to be three main varieties of Australian face.These be ? encompassing ? General ? Cultivated Australian side of meat. General Australian slope is thestereotypical variety of Australian English. It is the variety of English used by the majority of Australians and it dominates the accents found in contemporary Australian-made films and video programs. Examples embarrass actorsRussell Crowe, Hugh Jack man,Nicole Kidman. 3. Broad Australian English is thearchetypal and most recognizable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Australianfilmsandtelevisionprograms.Examples include television personalitiesSteve Irwin andDame Edna Everage, Pauline Hanson. 3. Cultivated Australian English has m any(prenominal) similarities toBritishReceived Pronunciation, and is often mistaken for it. Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples include actorsJudy Davis, Robert Hughes,Geoffrey Rush. 4. The aboriginal vocabulary, which is one of the trademarks of Australian English, included billabong (a waterhole), jumbuck (a sheep), corroboree (an assembly), boomerang (a curved throwing stick), and budgerygah (from budgeree, good and gar, parrot). . The number of ancient haggle in Australian English is quite sm any and is confined to the namings of plants ( equal bindieye and calombo), trees (like boree, banksia, quandong and m from each oneee), birds (like currawong, galah and kookaburra), animals (like wallaby and wombat) and lean (like barramindi). 6. As in northwesterly America, when it comes to place-names the Aboriginal influence was much wide with a great continent to name, about a third of all Australian place-names atomic number 18 Aboriginal. The Aborigines also adopted nomenclature from maritime pidgin English, words like piccaninny and bilong (belong).They used familiar pidgin English variants like talc and catchum. The most famous example is gammon, an eighteenth-century Cockney word meaning a lie. 7. Non-aboriginal language. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Australian population were either bunko games, ex-convicts or of convict descent. The convict argot was called tinny language, and James Hardy Vaux published a collection of it in 1812, the New and Comprehensive Vocabulary of the Flash Language. Most of the words and phrases Vaux listed remained confined to convict circles and retain non passed in the main stream of Australian English.There ar a few exceptions, of which the best known is swag meaning a bundle of personal belongings in standard Australian. Swagman, billy, jumbuck, tucker-bag and coolibah tree argon early Australianisms. 8. The roots of Australian English lie in the South and East of England, London, Scotland and Ireland. To take just a few examples, words like corker, dust-up, purler and tootsy all came to Australia from Ireland billy comes from the Scottish bally, meaning a milk bucket. A typical Australianism like fos excited, meaning to search unsystematically, is a Cornish word.Cobber came from the Suffolk verb to cob, to take a liking to someone. Tucker is astray used for food. Clobber has Romany roots and is originally save in Kent as clubbered up, meaning dressed up. 9. Some elements of Aboriginal languages, as has al studyy been mentioned, hav e been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for the indigenous flora and fauna (e. g. dingo, kangaroo), as closely as extensive borrowings for place names. Beyond that, very few price have been adopted into the wider language.A notable exception is Cooee (a musical call which travels long distances in the bush and is used to say is there anyone there? ). Although often panorama of as an Aboriginal word, didgeridoo/didjeridu (a well-known wooden musical instrument) is actually an echolike term coined by an English settler. 10. Australian English has a laughable set of diminutives formed by increaseing -o or -ie (-y) to the closes of (often abbreviated) words. There does not seem to be any particular pattern to which of these suffixes is used.Examples with the -o raritying include abo (aborigine very offensive), aggro (aggressive), ambo (ambulance office), arvo (afternoon), avo (avocado), bizzo (business), bottleo (bottle shop/liquor store), compo (compens ation), dero (homeless person), devo (deviant/pervert), doco (documentary), evo (evening), fisho (fishmonger), fruito (fruiterer) 11. arbo (garbage collector) vejjo (vegetarian) gyno (gynaecologist), journo (journalist), kero (kerosene), metho (methylated spirits), milko (milkman), Nasho (National Service military service), reffo (refugee), rego (vehicle registration), fit (member of the Salvation Army), servo (service station/gas station), smoko (smoke or coffee/ tea break), thingo (thing, whadjamacallit), 2. Examples of the -ie (-y) baring include aggie (student of agricultural science) Aussie (Australian) barbie (barbeque), beautie (beautiful) bikkie (biscuit), bitie (biting insect), blowie (blowfly), bookie (bookmaker), brekkie (breakfast), brickie (bricklayer), Bushie (someone who lives in the bush), chewie (chewing gum), chokkie (chocolate), Chrissie (Christmas), exy (expensive) 13. reenie (environmentalist), kindie (kindergarten), lippy (lipstick), vedgie (vegetable) mozz ie (mosquito), oldies (p arnts), possie (position), postie (postman), prezzie (present), rellie (sometimes relo relative), sickie (day off sick from work), sunnies (sunglasses), surfy (surfing fanatic), swaggie (swagman), trackies (track suit), hand truckie (truck thrustr), 14. Occasionally, a -za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, K atomic number 18n becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza. There are also a lot of abbreviations in Australian English without any suffixes. Examples of these are the words beaut (great, beautiful), deli (delicatessen), hoon (hooligan), nana (banana), roo (kangaroo), uni (university) ute (utility truck or vehicle) 15. American Influence.In the middle of the century, the hectic years of the gold rush in Australia draw prospectors from California to the hills of New South Wales, bringing with them a slew of Americanisms to add to the Australian lexicon. The invasion of American vogue words marked the first base of tension in Australia between the use of British English and American English. 16. Should an Australian say biscuit or cookie, nappy or diaper, dray or truck? The answer seems to be that Australian English, like its British ancestor (and like Canadian English), borrows freely according to preference, besides on the other hand the British influence is much greater in Australia than in Canada. So Australians get water from a tap not a faucet, plainly tend to ride in elevators as well as lifts. 17. Their cars run on petrol not gas, but they drive on freeways not motorways.American influence is evident in such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) words as caucus (in politics), sedan (BrE saloon), station wagon (BrE estate car), truck (BrE lorry), high school (BrE secondary school). On the other hand British English influence is evident in class (AmE grade), cinema (AmE movies), blast (AmE trunk). With foodstuffs Australian English tends to be more closely related once again to the British vocabulary, e. g. biscuit for the American cookie. 18. However, in a few cases such as zucchini, snow pea and eggplant Australian English uses the corresponding terms as the Americans, whereas the British use the equivalent French terms courgette, mange-tout and do not care whether eggplant or aubergine is used.This is mayhap due to a fashion that emerged in mid-nineteenth century Britain of adopting French nouns for foodstuffs, and thus the usage changed in Britain while the original terms were preserved in the (ex-)colonies. (For some uncertain reason, Australia uses the botanical name capsicum for what both the British and the Americans would call (red or green) pepper. ) Finally, the oddest of all borrowings from America is kangaroo court. 19. Australian English Worldwide. In the 1980s Australian English has hit the international headlines. Films like Gallipoli and My bright Career have won critical acclaim and found expectant audiences in the United Kingdom and the United States. The New Australians (Turks, Yugoslavs, Sri Lankans and Italians) influenced on the language (pizza, kebab).There is not and cannot be any doubt that there is a great respect for Australian English in the English-speaking world. 20. pic 21. Australian Vocabulary These are the best-known Australianisms in the English-speaking world. pic 22. pic 23. Australia, Great Britain, and America all speak the same language, but you simply have to levy each country to realize that, while they all speak English, it is far from a universal language. The English spoken in Great Britain, America, and Australia has many similarities, but a surprising number of residuals as well. The main reason for this is the vast distance between each country.Here are some of the common differences you ordain find between these three versions of English. Pronunciation between the three types of English is very dissimilar. In American English the r at the end of the word almost always affects it s orthoepy, whereas in Australian and British English the r is often silent. 24. Also, the emphasis placed on the syllables of the word varies from British, Australian, and American English. In Britain, the world adult has the emphasis on the first syllable, whereas in America it is placed on the second half of the word. Australian English is unique in the fact that many words have sounds that are eliminated. Instead of saying good day, the Australian speaker says gday.The main pronunciation difference between the three, however, is the pronunciation of the vowel sounds. 25. Differences in Spelling not only do the three types of English sound different, but they are also spelled differently. In some ways, the spelling reflects the difference in pronunciation. o For instance, Americans use the world airplane to refer to a flying direction of transportation. o In Great Britain, the word is aeroplane, and it is pronounced with an audible o sound. o Another common difference in spelli ng is aluminium, which is the UK spelling, and aluminum, the US spelling. Again, the difference shows the difference in pronunciation of the two words.In this instance the Australian spelling is the same as the UK spelling. 26. Another common spelling difference between UK English and American English is the use of -our verses -or at the end of the word. ? For instance, in the UK, colour, flavour, honour, and similar words all end in -our, whereas in America they are spelled with the -or ending (color, flavor, honor). In Australia, the -our spelling is almost universal. 27. Similarly, the endings -re and -re are different between the different English dialects. In America you give go to the theater or fitness center, whereas in Britain you will visit the theatre or fitness centre. Again, Australian English follows the British pattern. 28.There are other common spelling differences as well. For instance, in American English, words that sound as though they end with an -ize will alwa ys end in an -ize. However, in UK English, they typically end in ise (i. e. realize, realise). Also, British English often doubles consonants when adding a suffix when American English does not, such as in the world traveller. 29. Interestingly, the three languages also have intelligible vocabularies. For instance, the hood of a car is called the bonnet in Australia and Britain. Australia has several terms that are not used in either of the other countries, such as bloke (man) and arvo (afternoon).Also, Australians use some phrases that are combinations of British and American terms, such as rubbish truck. Rubbish is commonly used in the UK, and truck is commonly used in America. 30. Grammar As with American English, but unlike British English, collective nouns are almost always risible in construction, i. e. the political science was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide. Shant and the use of should as in I should be apt if , common in British Eng lish, are almost never encountered in Australian English. 31. While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i. e. She resigned Thursday, they must be retained in Australian English She resigned on Thursday. Ranges of dates use to, i. e.Monday to Friday, as with British English, rather than Monday through Friday in American English. 32. River follows the name of the river in question as in North America, i. e. Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e. g. River Thames. When saying or writing out numbers pool, and is inserted before the tens and units, i. e. one hundred and sixty-two, as with British practice. However Australians, like Americans, are more likely to pronounce numbers such as 1200 as twelve hundred, rather than one potassium two hundred. As with American English, on the weekend and studied medication are used rather than the British at the weekend and read medicine. pic pic