Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan free essay sample

Japan has gained a reputation of having a low divorce rate compared to other countries. Indeed, between 1945 and 1990, the divorce rate of Japan has never been higher than 1. 5 per 1000 population. Since the 1990s, the divorce rate of Japan increased, reaching 2. 08 in 2005. even if we can consider this a low divorce rate in comparison with the U. S, compared with other industrialized country, it is an average rate. Then, why is Japans divorce rate considered so low? We will see first why I do not consider Japans divorce rate low, then the historical reasons of the divorce rate, the actual reasons of the divorce rate and, finally, what to expect in the future. gt;gt; why do I not consider the Japanese divorce rate low? Since World War II, Japan has been considered a country with really low divorce rate. Indeed, according to the figure 1. 2, Japan divorce rate in 1945 was 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 per 1000 of population. Since the 1960s, divorce rate in Japan has been growing, with a peak in 2002 when there have been 290,000 divorce. Since then, the divorce rate has decreased. In 2005, there has been 262. 000 divorce, and the divorce rate has been 2. 08 per 1000 population. Because a U. S. -Japan comparison formed the basis for the majority of divorce studies, the Japanese divorce rate appeared low. However, if Japan had been compared with Southern European countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal or Italy, its divorce rate would not have appeared particularly low. By 2000, the Japanese divorce rate placed the nation somewhere in the middle band of European countries, but still very low in comparison to the United States. Even though the American divorce rate has been declining in recent years, it is still extremely high compared with all European countries as the figure 1. 1 clearly shows. gt;gt; historical reasons of the actual level of the divorce rate? Elevated divorce rates in Japan arent a new phenomenon, indeed in the 19th century, Japanese divorce rates have been exceeded only by those in the 1970s in the United States. In the 19th century and before, it was fairly common for people to try marriage and to divorce if necessary. Remarriage was also normal for women and men. Even spouse testing was accepted inside the ociety. Only the samurai didnt follow this rule and married once and only. Until the introduction of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, Japan had some of the highest divorce rates in the world. Under the old peasant marriage system, women were considered a valuable economic resource by families. Young wives were often tested out by the new family in trial marriages and if they did not me et the required standard, they were sent back home. Thus, most divorces occurred in the early stages of marriage. Remarriage rates for both men and women were high, but later marriages were usually stable. Harold Fuess wrote a book about the â€Å"forgotten history† of Japan divorce: Family, Gender and the State 1600-2000, by Harold Feuss. He explains how in 1898, the civil code and some new laws on family registration led to a sharp decline in divorce rates. One of the aims of the Meiji legislation was to discourage divorce and bring Japan more in line with European marriage and divorce trends. In its drive to modernize the country, the Meiji government managed to impose the anti-divorce values of the former elite Samurai classes on the general population. Samurai customs had previously only been associated with a very small fraction of the population. So successful were the governments efforts that nowadays most Japanese are unaware than their country once had one of the highest divorce rates in the world. The act in itself of codifying family regulation generated some frictions between customs, newly â€Å"invented traditions† and western legal practices, that made people believe of divorcing as a way of dishonoring ones family, group, or country. Therefore, between 1898 and 1940, the divorce rates declined. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also helped by the economic growth and the industrialization of Japan. Indeed, thanks to the growth, each family had more or less a growing comfort level, it was usual for women not to work, in case of divorce, women were highly at a disadvantage: they could not support themselves, and therefore not a child. Marriage was therefore seen as an economic and social stability, furthermore, a new sexual morality has developed which reinforced the idea that marriage was a national disgrace and a poor reflection on women rights. Harold Fuess highlights the fact that the Japanese government has a big part of this idea that divorce is not part of the history of Japan. Indeed, in 1997, the government suppressed textbooks that reported the high divorce rates of the past. After World War II, Japan gained an undeserved reputation for low divorce rates, the current â€Å"explosion† of divorce rate is just Japan going back to the high level of the 19th century. gt;gt; what are the actual reasons of the divorce rate? As in other developed countries, the reasons why couples divorce are usually a complex combination of factors which vary from individual case and change over time. The most commonly cited reasons for Japanese divorce in the nineties were an extramarital affair, neglect of family, financial/economic problems, incompatibility, sexual problems, alcoholism, physical abuse and problems with in-laws. Some of the major social currents in the divorce equation were the changing concepts of marriage, a reluctance to have children, changing family structures, the emergence of more diverse family models, increased educational opportunities for women, enhanced female economic status, better career opportunities for women and positive media images of divorce, inter alia. But that are the reasons for divorce nowadays, lets concentrate on why people would not want a divorce, even when facing those problems. First of all, Japan is deficient in several areas of child support , most importantly having no mechanism in place for enforcing payment or collecting arrears. There is also no system for tracking down non-compliant fathers, no requirement to conduct DNA-paternity tests and no means for deducing money from the delinquent fathers salary. The courts normally do not take action if a spouse does not meet their obligations. To make matters worse, the legal framework for solving child support disputes is totally inadequate and requires an inordinate amount of time and money. People may not want to try and go alone in raising their children after a divorce considering all those problems concerning child support. Furthermore, the cost of rising a child in Japan is really high, therefore, with only one salary the perspective of rising children can be really hard. Indeed, after the divorce, usually children are under the care of their mothers, and the parental rights of the father are inexistent. Secondly, Divorce in Japan, like marriage, is easy if both parties agree to it. All you have to do is head for the Ward Office and fill out a Divorce Form. This is called kyougi rikon, or divorce by mutual consent, which happens, estimates a lawyer in about 80% of divorces. Assets, possessions, or property are divided up either informally or through the legal community. However, if both parties do not agree to divorce, things can get very messy. According to Japan Civil Code Article 770, there are five grounds for unilateral divorce: infidelity, malicious desertion (which for foreign spouses can include being deported), uncertainty whether or not the spouse is dead or alive for three years or more, serious mental disease without hope of recovery, or a grave reason which makes continuing the marriage impossible. What is considered a grave reason is unclear, and at the discretion of a judge if things go to court. However, the simple fact that you do not like each other anymore, i. e. a matter of irreconcilable differences, is not considered to be sufficient grounds. Here things begin to pinch. If one side refuses to agree to the divorce, you will have to negotiate until you do, which can take many years. You can legally separate, but this is not a divorce, and you cannot remarry. The fact that divorce can be so difficult in certain case leads people to seek legal separation instead of actual divorce. Plus, the access to court can be really difficult since there are not a lot of lawyer in Japan. Those are the two of the main reason why people do not seek to divorce in Japan, the difficulty of getting a divorce if there is no agreement, and the cost of rising children. gt;gt; what to expect for the future? Divorce may rise after a change in law in 2007. Indeed, spouses will be eligible for up to half of partners pensions. Hiromi Ikeuchi, author of The Costs and Benefits of Divorce in Middle Age, is convinced the decline since 2002 does not mean married couples have become more content. She believes many unhappy spouses have been biding their time since 2001, when discussions on changes to the pension system began. The revision was passed in 2004. Men have just recently begun learning about the new law that divides their employee pensions, but housewives have been aware of the change since around 2001. The recent dip in the divorce rate is merely the calm before the storm, and the number of divorces is likely to spike, even surpassing 300,000 in 2007. Though men appear blissfully unaware of the danger, Ikeuchi said many housewives, especially those over 50, are waiting patiently for the new rules to take effect. The new pension system was created to cope with the growing number of divorces among middle-aged couples and to support (divorced) women. Under the current system, divorced wives are only granted a basic pension of no more than 66,000 yen a month. By forcing husbands to share their employee pensions, which vary depending on average earnings and length of employment, a typical housewife could get up to twice as much if they hold out until April. There was also a change in the way welfare is distributed: all single parent households receive less money. Indeed, in 2006, a new law has been voted, the Health, Labor and Welfare ministry stopped giving the â€Å"mother child supplement† for depending children over 15 years old. 80% of single mother work. This figure includes widows, divorced women, and single mothers. They earn in average 30% of the income of an average household, and 17. % of them dont receive any money from the father of their children. This new law wont incite women to get a divorce, or on the contrary will incite them to marry and get a divorce. Indeed, as a never married woman with child receive less money than even a single father, and much less than a divorced woman. Therefore, it is more advantageous f or women to marry and then to divorce. Even if this change in welfare distribution may will be compensated by the law on spouse pension, the fact that single parents will receive less and less money from the state wont incite people to get a divorce. Conclusion: The divorce rate is not as low as it is believed. Indeed, mainly because it is compared with the U. S, Japans divorce rate is considered low. The main historical reason of this low divorce rate is the Meiji code and the new laws implemented in 1898, which complicated getting a divorce. Nowadays, people seems to be waiting the new law about pension in order to get a divorce, since people will be able to have a larger pension than what they could expect now. It is then highly probable that the divorce rate will rapidly increase after April 2007. Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan free essay sample Japan has gained a reputation of having a low divorce rate compared to other countries. Indeed, between 1945 and 1990, the divorce rate of Japan has never been higher than 1. 5 per 1000 population. Since the 1990s, the divorce rate of Japan increased, reaching 2. 08 in 2005. even if we can consider this a low divorce rate in comparison with the U. S, compared with other industrialized country, it is an average rate. Then, why is Japans divorce rate considered so low? We will see first why I do not consider Japans divorce rate low, then the historical reasons of the divorce rate, the actual reasons of the divorce rate and, finally, what to expect in the future. gt;gt; why do I not consider the Japanese divorce rate low? Since World War II, Japan has been considered a country with really low divorce rate. Indeed, according to the figure 1. 2, Japan divorce rate in 1945 was 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 per 1000 of population. Since the 1960s, divorce rate in Japan has been growing, with a peak in 2002 when there have been 290,000 divorce. Since then, the divorce rate has decreased. In 2005, there has been 262. 000 divorce, and the divorce rate has been 2. 08 per 1000 population. Because a U. S. -Japan comparison formed the basis for the majority of divorce studies, the Japanese divorce rate appeared low. However, if Japan had been compared with Southern European countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal or Italy, its divorce rate would not have appeared particularly low. By 2000, the Japanese divorce rate placed the nation somewhere in the middle band of European countries, but still very low in comparison to the United States. Even though the American divorce rate has been declining in recent years, it is still extremely high compared with all European countries as the figure 1. 1 clearly shows. gt;gt; historical reasons of the actual level of the divorce rate? Elevated divorce rates in Japan arent a new phenomenon, indeed in the 19th century, Japanese divorce rates have been exceeded only by those in the 1970s in the United States. In the 19th century and before, it was fairly common for people to try marriage and to divorce if necessary. Remarriage was also normal for women and men. Even spouse testing was accepted inside the ociety. Only the samurai didnt follow this rule and married once and only. Until the introduction of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, Japan had some of the highest divorce rates in the world. Under the old peasant marriage system, women were considered a valuable economic resource by families. Young wives were often tested out by the new family in trial marriages and if they did not me et the required standard, they were sent back home. Thus, most divorces occurred in the early stages of marriage. Remarriage rates for both men and women were high, but later marriages were usually stable. Harold Fuess wrote a book about the â€Å"forgotten history† of Japan divorce: Family, Gender and the State 1600-2000, by Harold Feuss. He explains how in 1898, the civil code and some new laws on family registration led to a sharp decline in divorce rates. One of the aims of the Meiji legislation was to discourage divorce and bring Japan more in line with European marriage and divorce trends. In its drive to modernize the country, the Meiji government managed to impose the anti-divorce values of the former elite Samurai classes on the general population. Samurai customs had previously only been associated with a very small fraction of the population. So successful were the governments efforts that nowadays most Japanese are unaware than their country once had one of the highest divorce rates in the world. The act in itself of codifying family regulation generated some frictions between customs, newly â€Å"invented traditions† and western legal practices, that made people believe of divorcing as a way of dishonoring ones family, group, or country. Therefore, between 1898 and 1940, the divorce rates declined. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also helped by the economic growth and the industrialization of Japan. Indeed, thanks to the growth, each family had more or less a growing comfort level, it was usual for women not to work, in case of divorce, women were highly at a disadvantage: they could not support themselves, and therefore not a child. Marriage was therefore seen as an economic and social stability, furthermore, a new sexual morality has developed which reinforced the idea that marriage was a national disgrace and a poor reflection on women rights. Harold Fuess highlights the fact that the Japanese government has a big part of this idea that divorce is not part of the history of Japan. Indeed, in 1997, the government suppressed textbooks that reported the high divorce rates of the past. After World War II, Japan gained an undeserved reputation for low divorce rates, the current â€Å"explosion† of divorce rate is just Japan going back to the high level of the 19th century. gt;gt; what are the actual reasons of the divorce rate? As in other developed countries, the reasons why couples divorce are usually a complex combination of factors which vary from individual case and change over time. The most commonly cited reasons for Japanese divorce in the nineties were an extramarital affair, neglect of family, financial/economic problems, incompatibility, sexual problems, alcoholism, physical abuse and problems with in-laws. Some of the major social currents in the divorce equation were the changing concepts of marriage, a reluctance to have children, changing family structures, the emergence of more diverse family models, increased educational opportunities for women, enhanced female economic status, better career opportunities for women and positive media images of divorce, inter alia. But that are the reasons for divorce nowadays, lets concentrate on why people would not want a divorce, even when facing those problems. First of all, Japan is deficient in several areas of child support , most importantly having no mechanism in place for enforcing payment or collecting arrears. There is also no system for tracking down non-compliant fathers, no requirement to conduct DNA-paternity tests and no means for deducing money from the delinquent fathers salary. The courts normally do not take action if a spouse does not meet their obligations. To make matters worse, the legal framework for solving child support disputes is totally inadequate and requires an inordinate amount of time and money. People may not want to try and go alone in raising their children after a divorce considering all those problems concerning child support. Furthermore, the cost of rising a child in Japan is really high, therefore, with only one salary the perspective of rising children can be really hard. Indeed, after the divorce, usually children are under the care of their mothers, and the parental rights of the father are inexistent. Secondly, Divorce in Japan, like marriage, is easy if both parties agree to it. All you have to do is head for the Ward Office and fill out a Divorce Form. This is called kyougi rikon, or divorce by mutual consent, which happens, estimates a lawyer in about 80% of divorces. Assets, possessions, or property are divided up either informally or through the legal community. However, if both parties do not agree to divorce, things can get very messy. According to Japan Civil Code Article 770, there are five grounds for unilateral divorce: infidelity, malicious desertion (which for foreign spouses can include being deported), uncertainty whether or not the spouse is dead or alive for three years or more, serious mental disease without hope of recovery, or a grave reason which makes continuing the marriage impossible. What is considered a grave reason is unclear, and at the discretion of a judge if things go to court. However, the simple fact that you do not like each other anymore, i. e. a matter of irreconcilable differences, is not considered to be sufficient grounds. Here things begin to pinch. If one side refuses to agree to the divorce, you will have to negotiate until you do, which can take many years. You can legally separate, but this is not a divorce, and you cannot remarry. The fact that divorce can be so difficult in certain case leads people to seek legal separation instead of actual divorce. Plus, the access to court can be really difficult since there are not a lot of lawyer in Japan. Those are the two of the main reason why people do not seek to divorce in Japan, the difficulty of getting a divorce if there is no agreement, and the cost of rising children. gt;gt; what to expect for the future? Divorce may rise after a change in law in 2007. Indeed, spouses will be eligible for up to half of partners pensions. Hiromi Ikeuchi, author of The Costs and Benefits of Divorce in Middle Age, is convinced the decline since 2002 does not mean married couples have become more content. She believes many unhappy spouses have been biding their time since 2001, when discussions on changes to the pension system began. The revision was passed in 2004. Men have just recently begun learning about the new law that divides their employee pensions, but housewives have been aware of the change since around 2001. The recent dip in the divorce rate is merely the calm before the storm, and the number of divorces is likely to spike, even surpassing 300,000 in 2007. Though men appear blissfully unaware of the danger, Ikeuchi said many housewives, especially those over 50, are waiting patiently for the new rules to take effect. The new pension system was created to cope with the growing number of divorces among middle-aged couples and to support (divorced) women. Under the current system, divorced wives are only granted a basic pension of no more than 66,000 yen a month. By forcing husbands to share their employee pensions, which vary depending on average earnings and length of employment, a typical housewife could get up to twice as much if they hold out until April. There was also a change in the way welfare is distributed: all single parent households receive less money. Indeed, in 2006, a new law has been voted, the Health, Labor and Welfare ministry stopped giving the â€Å"mother child supplement† for depending children over 15 years old. 80% of single mother work. This figure includes widows, divorced women, and single mothers. They earn in average 30% of the income of an average household, and 17. % of them dont receive any money from the father of their children. This new law wont incite women to get a divorce, or on the contrary will incite them to marry and get a divorce. Indeed, as a never married woman with child receive less money than even a single father, and much less than a divorced woman. Therefore, it is more advantageous f or women to marry and then to divorce. Even if this change in welfare distribution may will be compensated by the law on spouse pension, the fact that single parents will receive less and less money from the state wont incite people to get a divorce. Conclusion: The divorce rate is not as low as it is believed. Indeed, mainly because it is compared with the U. S, Japans divorce rate is considered low. The main historical reason of this low divorce rate is the Meiji code and the new laws implemented in 1898, which complicated getting a divorce. Nowadays, people seems to be waiting the new law about pension in order to get a divorce, since people will be able to have a larger pension than what they could expect now. It is then highly probable that the divorce rate will rapidly increase. Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan free essay sample Since the World War II, Japan has gained a reputation of having a low divorce rate compared to other countries. Indeed, between 1945 and 1990, the divorce rate of Japan has never been higher than 1. 5 per 1000 population. Since the 1990s, the divorce rate of Japan increased, reaching 2. 08 in 2005. even if we can consider this a low divorce rate in comparison with the U. S, compared with other industrialized country, it is an average rate. Then, why is Japans divorce rate considered so low? We will see first why I do not consider Japans divorce rate low, then the historical reasons of the divorce rate, the actual reasons of the divorce rate and, finally, what to expect in the future. gt;gt; why do I not consider the Japanese divorce rate low? Since World War II, Japan has been considered a country with really low divorce rate. Indeed, according to the figure 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2, Japan divorce rate in 1945 was 1. 1 per 1000 of population. Since the 1960s, divorce rate in Japan has been growing, with a peak in 2002 when there have been 290,000 divorce. Since then, the divorce rate has decreased. In 2005, there has been 262. 000 divorce, and the divorce rate has been 2. 08 per 1000 population. Because a U. S. -Japan comparison formed the basis for the majority of divorce studies, the Japanese divorce rate appeared low. However, if Japan had been compared with Southern European countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal or Italy, its divorce rate would not have appeared particularly low. By 2000, the Japanese divorce rate placed the nation somewhere in the middle band of European countries, but still very low in comparison to the United States. Even though the American divorce rate has been declining in recent years, it is still extremely high compared with all European countries as the figure 1. 1 clearly shows. gt;gt; historical reasons of the actual level of the divorce rate? Elevated divorce rates in Japan arent a new phenomenon, indeed in the 19th century, Japanese divorce rates have been exceeded only by those in the 1970s in the United States. In the 19th century and before, it was fairly common for people to try marriage and to divorce if necessary. Remarriage was also normal for women and men. Even spouse testing was accepted inside the ociety. Only the samurai didnt follow this rule and married once and only. Until the introduction of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, Japan had some of the highest divorce rates in the world. Under the old peasant marriage system, women were considered a valuable economic resource by families. Young wives were often tested out by the new family in trial marriages and if they did not me et the required standard, they were sent back home. Thus, most divorces occurred in the early stages of marriage. Remarriage rates for both men and women were high, but later marriages were usually stable. Harold Fuess wrote a book about the â€Å"forgotten history† of Japan divorce: DIVORCE IN JAPAN: Family, Gender and the State 1600-2000, by Harold Feuss. He explains how in 1898, the civil code and some new laws on family registration led to a sharp decline in divorce rates. One of the aims of the Meiji legislation was to discourage divorce and bring Japan more in line with European marriage and divorce trends. In its drive to modernize the country, the Meiji government managed to impose the anti-divorce values of the former elite Samurai classes on the general population. Samurai customs had previously only been associated with a very small fraction of the population. So successful were the governments efforts that nowadays most Japanese are unaware than their country once had one of the highest divorce rates in the world. The act in itself of codifying family regulation generated some frictions between customs, newly â€Å"invented traditions† and western legal practices, that made people believe of divorcing as a way of dishonoring ones family, group, or country. Therefore, between 1898 and 1940, the divorce rates declined. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also helped by the economic growth and the industrialization of Japan. Indeed, thanks to the growth, each family had more or less a growing comfort level, it was usual for women not to work, in case of divorce, women were highly at a disadvantage: they could not support themselves, and therefore not a child. Marriage was therefore seen as an economic and social stability, furthermore, a new sexual morality has developed which reinforced the idea that marriage was a national disgrace and a poor reflection on women rights. Harold Fuess highlights the fact that the Japanese government has a big part of this idea that divorce is not part of the history of Japan. Indeed, in 1997, the government suppressed textbooks that reported the high divorce rates of the past. After World War II, Japan gained an undeserved reputation for low divorce rates, the current â€Å"explosion† of divorce rate is just Japan going back to the high level of the 19th century. gt;gt; what are the actual reasons of the divorce rate? As in other developed countries, the reasons why couples divorce are usually a complex combination of factors which vary from individual case and change over time. The most commonly cited reasons for Japanese divorce in the nineties were an extramarital affair, neglect of family, financial/economic problems, incompatibility, sexual problems, alcoholism, physical abuse and problems with in-laws. Some of the major social currents in the divorce equation were the changing concepts of marriage, a reluctance to have children, changing family structures, the emergence of more diverse family models, increased educational opportunities for women, enhanced female economic status, better career opportunities for women and positive media images of divorce, inter alia. But that are the reasons for divorce nowadays, lets concentrate on why people would not want a divorce, even when facing those problems. First of all, Japan is deficient in several areas of child support , most importantly having no mechanism in place for enforcing payment or collecting arrears. There is also no system for tracking down non-compliant fathers, no requirement to conduct DNA-paternity tests and no means for deducing money from the delinquent fathers salary. The courts normally do not take action if a spouse does not meet their obligations. To make matters worse, the legal framework for solving child support disputes is totally inadequate and requires an inordinate amount of time and money. People may not want to try and go alone in raising their children after a divorce considering all those problems concerning child support. Furthermore, the cost of rising a child in Japan is really high, therefore, with only one salary the perspective of rising children can be really hard. Indeed, after the divorce, usually children are under the care of their mothers, and the parental rights of the father are inexistent. Secondly, Divorce in Japan, like marriage, is easy if both parties agree to it. All you have to do is head for the Ward Office and fill out a Divorce Form. This is called kyougi rikon, or divorce by mutual consent, which happens, estimates a lawyer in about 80% of divorces. Assets, possessions, or property are divided up either informally or through the legal community. However, if both parties do not agree to divorce, things can get very messy. According to Japan Civil Code Article 770, there are five grounds for unilateral divorce: infidelity, malicious desertion (which for foreign spouses can include being deported), uncertainty whether or not the spouse is dead or alive for three years or more, serious mental disease without hope of recovery, or a grave reason which makes continuing the marriage impossible. What is considered a grave reason is unclear, and at the discretion of a judge if things go to court. However, the simple fact that you do not like each other anymore, i. e. a matter of irreconcilable differences, is not considered to be sufficient grounds. Here things begin to pinch. If one side refuses to agree to the divorce, you will have to negotiate until you do, which can take many years. You can legally separate, but this is not a divorce, and you cannot remarry. The fact that divorce can be so difficult in certain case leads people to seek legal separation instead of actual divorce. Plus, the access to court can be really difficult since there are not a lot of lawyer in Japan. Those are the two of the main reason why people do not seek to divorce in Japan, the difficulty of getting a divorce if there is no agreement, and the cost of rising children. gt;gt; what to expect for the future? Divorce may rise after a change in law in 2007. Indeed, spouses will be eligible for up to half of partners pensions. Hiromi Ikeuchi, author of The Costs and Benefits of Divorce in Middle Age, is convinced the decline since 2002 does not mean married couples have become more content. She believes many unhappy spouses have been biding their time since 2001, when discussions on changes to the pension system began. The revision was passed in 2004. Men have just recently begun learning about the new law that divides their employee pensions, but housewives have been aware of the change since around 2001. The recent dip in the divorce rate is merely the calm before the storm, and the number of divorces is likely to spike, even surpassing 300,000 in 2007. Though men appear blissfully unaware of the danger, Ikeuchi said many housewives, especially those over 50, are waiting patiently for the new rules to take effect. The new pension system was created to cope with the growing number of divorces among middle-aged couples and to support (divorced) women. Under the current system, divorced wives are only granted a basic pension of no more than 66,000 yen a month. By forcing husbands to share their employee pensions, which vary depending on average earnings and length of employment, a typical housewife could get up to twice as much if they hold out until April. There was also a change in the way welfare is distributed: all single parent households receive less money. Indeed, in 2006, a new law has been voted, the Health, Labor and Welfare ministry stopped giving the â€Å"mother child supplement† for depending children over 15 years old. 80% of single mother work. This figure includes widows, divorced women, and single mothers. They earn in average 30% of the income of an average household, and 17. % of them dont receive any money from the father of their children. This new law wont incite women to get a divorce, or on the contrary will incite them to marry and get a divorce. Indeed, as a never married woman with child receive less money than even a single father, and much less than a divorced woman. Therefore, it is more advantageous f or women to marry and then to divorce. Even if this change in welfare distribution may will be compensated by the law on spouse pension, the fact that single parents will receive less and less money from the state wont incite people to get a divorce. Conclusion: The divorce rate is not as low as it is believed. Indeed, mainly because it is compared with the U. S, Japans divorce rate is considered low. The main historical reason of this low divorce rate is the Meiji code and the new laws implemented in 1898, which complicated getting a divorce. Nowadays, people seems to be waiting the new law about pension in order to get a divorce, since people will be able to have a larger pension than what they could expect now. It is then highly probable that the divorce rate will rapidly increase after April 2007.

Developing Coaching Skills for the Workplace

Developing Coaching Skills for the Workplace Creative Writing on Developing Coaching Skills for the Workplace: A coaching culture is an organizational progress model. It provides the structure that defines how the organization’s members can smoothly interact with their work atmosphere. It also encompasses how to achieve the best results from the coaching experience and apply it in the organization. Culture within an organization serves as the backbone for coaching to take place amicably and acceptably by all members. Several methods exist for developing a coaching culture in an organization. This study will take an in-depth analysis of two ways of developing a coaching culture in an organization. The first one is to bring in managers and leaders who can role model the coaching process. This is because, in trying to change an already entrenched culture in an organization, at some point the issue of scale comes up. In coaching, scale presents a challenge in the senses that, a large number of people need to initiate, grow and sustain cultural change. This calls for selecting the right people, invest in their development and site them as role models for the new coaching tradition. This creates a cycle whereby those who have already been coached take the mantle and pass it to those behind them. Studies have proven this method to be highly efficient in creating a coaching culture within an organization. It also has the advantage of cost effectiveness since it involves training select groups of people, as opposed to all the employees in the organization (Anderson, 13). Another way of establishing a coaching culture in an organization is to link coaching outcomes to the business. This calls for closing the gap between the effectiveness of coaching outcomes and overall business objectives. For this to be done effectively, strategic goals and tactics need to be developed around coaching, and specific` performance metrics be developed for coaching behaviors. By doing this, the coaching process is given impetus as individuals feel the link between what the organization expects from the coaching process and what they are involved in. The best way to achieve coaching success through this method is probably by aligning management behavior with organizational objectives. It is usually axiomatic that senior management’s individual behavior and the overall team behavior models and shapes the organizational culture (Anderson, 14). In most cases, the behavior exhibited by the senior management is what other members of staff tend to consequently follow. In this case, for the coaching culture to take root, the top management both individually and collectively need to recreate their image. They need to remodel themselves along a culture geared towards coaching and learning (Anderson, 14). In conclusion, it is clear that, coaching is one of the ways of increasing knowledge and competence within an organization. For coaching to be conducted effectively, it should be done in a systematic manner. Several ways exist for conducting coaching at an overall organizational level. From the two methods discussed above, it is clear that, for a cultural change to occur, the top management needs to be proactive. For one, they need to act as role models in the coaching process so that other employees’ can follow. They also need to come up with policies that link coaching programs to the overall organizational objectives. This way, an organization can be transformed towards one in which a coaching is accepted as the norm.

Reconstruction and protection at NJ shore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reconstruction and protection at NJ shore - Essay Example Therefore, there is alarming need to construct protective barriers to protect that island. Dunes and wetlands that formed part of natural defense against tides, floods, and storms that often affect or destroy islands; notably, these protective barriers n were removed during the construction on these islands (Goudas 52). Water that receded from Sandy led to destruction on these islands with some areas or regions on the islands recording an overwhelming destruction that need reconstruction towards rebuilding the New Jersey islands. Historically, the New Jersey costal area is frequently hit by hurricanes and wind storms. In year 2011, Hurricane Irene struck the NJ coastal area. After the hurricane an immediate survey has been carried out by the Department of Environmental Protection Natural and Historic Resources Office of Engineering & Construction. According to department August 29, 2011 official memorandum about hundreds of places were severely damaged mainly due to sloped erosion across the coat (Keiser 1). The very next year even worse calamity occurred when very strong struck the NJ coastal areas, destroying or severely damaging about 30,000 businesses and homes and eroding the major coastal areas. It has been estimated that Hurricane Sandy about $8 billion business loss has occurred across the NJ (Kirkham, and Rudolf par. 18). Besides others destruction, the Hurrican Sanddy also destroyed number of beach tourist attraction and entertainment points including the beach famouse Jet Star Roller Coaster and Seaside Heights Funtown Pier. The Jet Star partially smurged into Atlantic Ocean after the partial collapse of Casino Pier during Hurricane Sandy. According to reports Seaside Hights will reconstruct the demaged boardwalk as it has already awarded a $3.6 million bid while it starts accepting bids from various companies to remove partially submerged steel

Successful Aging Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Successful Aging - Term Paper Example However, there is a positive side to growing old, or aging. As people age, particularly adults, they decline in mobility, cognition and senses at paces that vary from person to person, thus, to ensure that people age successfully, there is a need to reduce the rate of decline or even curb it completely. This is to ensure that they do not become functionless and maintain their independence from second and third party caretakers (Tyrer et al, 2). Mobility issues are common in aging people because they lose balance and suffer reduced functionality in basic of tasks such as locking and unlocking doors. As a result, they become more prone to risks of falling and common mobility accidents. These falls often lead to death as they rank high among the most common causes of death for elderly people (Tyrer et al, 2). In addition, cognitive processes suffer impairment in regard to recalling instructions and following complex ideas, as well as solving problems. However, to overcome all these challenges, various measures exist to ensure that people grow old gracefully. Successful aging is known to be associated with one’s religious beliefs, social relationships, perceived health, self-efficacy, socio-economic status and coping skills (Galligan 1). Having religious beliefs and participating actively in religious activities is one of the ways to age successfully. This is because religiosity in the aging process allows the elderly to cope better as compared to nonreligious ones. In the process, it aids in overcoming emotional and physical problems through which the elderly may be experiencing (Galligan 1). Moreover, active participation in religious issues prevents most manners of depression as it puts people of similar interests in a position to share ideas and problems. As a result, it eradicates feelings of hopelessness due to the reality of age dawning on them. Moreover, this religiosity promotes the development of positive emotions , which, in

Bosnian war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Bosnian war - Research Paper Example General MacArthur was supposedly larger-than-life, outspoken, talented and egoistic, and he often courted controversy. (History). One of his trademarks was the corncob pipe he smoked, which was custom made by ‘The Missouri Meerschaum Company’, which continues to manufacture the pipes in his honor. He graduated from the US Military Academy at the top of his class in 1903. (Biography). He was the intense American military pioneer who saved the Pacific, yet Freda Bender says General Douglas Macarthur had an astounding delicate side outside the war room. (Cardy). At the age of 21, Mrs. Bender, now 90 and living in Middle Swan, was present on the inside of Australias wartime fight for survival at Royal Australian Air Force Command in Brisbane. Hilton Hotel was additionally General Macarthurs military central command after his retreat from the Philippines. Anyway rather than the blunt general she thought she was going to meet, Mrs. Bender said he was a well disposed and consid erate man, who was polite to ladies. (Cardy). ``Hed always go back and let us go in the lift first,† she said when she was asked what she recollected most of him. â€Å"And he would always talk to you, not that I had any real power we were only little WAAAFs (Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force personnel) but he would always say good morning or hello. He was a very pleasant man.† (Cardy) Said Mrs. Bender, who was an administrative collaborator, said the base was buzzing throughout the war. Furthermore notwithstanding every day security drills and an approaching risk of intrusion, life proceeded as typical as could be expected under the circumstances. â€Å"We couldnt take it (the war) in† she said Its now, looking back, that I realize how close we came to being invaded. General Douglas MacArthur, despite his stature as a ruthless and bloody warrior and a War Hero, was surprisingly a soft spoken man with kindness in

Importance Of Self Knowledge In Understanding The Self

Importance Of Self Knowledge In Understanding The Self There has been an abundance of literature surrounding the importance of self-esteem in developing a greater understanding of the self. The present paper introduces an alternative perspective on the self which incorporates important features of previous perspectives and shares many theories with them. The functions of self-knowledge, however, are highlighted and rather than the drive for self-esteem this paper argues for the need of self-knowledge in acquiring a more elaborate understanding of the self. According to Neisser (1988) there are several types of self knowledge, the ecological self, the interpersonal self, the extended self, the private self and the conceptual self. Each self operates in unison with the other, with each exhibiting fundamental importance, however, this paper concentrates on the extended self and how a persons life narrative identity can affect various aspects of the individual including interpersonal relations, self-presentations and the need to belong thus leading to a more clarified idea of the self. The extended self, is the self as it was in the past and as we expect it to be in the future, distinguished primarily on the basis of memory (Neisser, 1988). Belk (1988; cited in Ahuvia, 2005) uses the terms self, sense of self, and identity to describe how an individual subjectively distinguishes who he or she is. Belk refuses to accept any definition of the self that can relate consistently across individuals and cultures because according to him what comprises the self is a personal appraisal that differs among people and across time. Self-knowledge The extended self Bluck (2003; cited in Conway, 2005, p. 596) claimed A stable, integrated, self with a confirmatory past that yields a consistent and rich life story constitutes a self that is able to operate effectively, achieve goals, and relate to others in productive ways. According to such a perspective, memories and stories of an individuals life experiences thus affect various aspects of life and develop other features of the self. Interest in the past enhances as the child starts to grasp the social relevance of autobiographical recollection, for example, its ability for developing and continuing relationships beyond the here and now. The main adaptive purpose of memory is perhaps that it allows for the making of permanent interpersonal relations, and therefore to a great extent strengthens the unity of individual groups (Neisser, 1988). The findings of Swann and Predmore (1985) suggest that relationships provide stability to the private self. In their study partners in a relationship activel y helped people sustain a stable consistent view of themselves by working to discredit contrary evidence. Having a long term, stable relationship is thus a potentially powerful source of self concept stability. Also Tice and Baumeister (2001) claim that the human mind is devised for interpersonal relations and that developing and sustaining interpersonal relationships is a key function of the human being. With the individuals memory and narrative identity contributing to such relations the extended self becomes more and more significant as we grow older. According to Negele Habermas (2009), Life narratives are manifestations of the subjective representation of ones life course. They interpret a life through explicit statements on the narrators identity and self-concept as well as by selecting specific personal experiences to be included in the narrative. (p. 1). Along with this view, McAdams (2006) claims a persons life story offers a life with a general sense of unity and reason. There are many different views on the importance of life stories and memories in relation to the self but there seems to be an overall standpoint that such stories allow people a way to explain who they are, how they came to be and where they believe their lives may be going (Bruner, 1990), which are all essential questions to be tackled in the quest for self clarification. Research by McLean and Thorne (2003) concentrate on what constituted self-defining memories of 19-year olds regarding their experience of relationships. Results showed that memories of parents were more inclined to highlight issues relating to separation however self-defining memories of friends highlighted closeness and romantic relationships. Therefore, memories of teenage years are often of occasions in which identity creation is at its greatest, a period that Arnett (2000) labelled emerging adulthood. Many theorists including Habermas Bluck (2000) suggest that this period, in which identity formation is at its peak, entails the development of a more distinguished and integrated knowledge of their own self. Singer and Salovey (1993) suggest that each person creates self-concepts from the information enclosed in the life experiences they choose to share. As they do so, they expand a remarkable source of knowledge, including knowledge about their individual capabilities, accomplishments, desires, values, and aims. This creation of the self-concept does not come about by chance; the information is precise, original, and inspired to each person. Disparity in the c ontent and order of self-knowledge portrays crucial variations among individuals in social histories, insights, and behaviour. It is from this knowledge that self-images materialize, which are defined as mental ideas of the self regarding the past, present, and future ambitions and make up part of the conceptual self (Conway, 2005). The main argument throughout this paper is that human memory is a key element of the self and there has been much research carried out supporting the notion that memory can be reconstructive in order to support current aspects of the self, e.g., Loftus (1993), Loftus Ketcham (1994). According to Conway (2005) this is done in order to make memory coherent with an individuals present goals, self-images, and self-beliefs. Therefore, memory and key features of the self shape a system in which, regarding healthy persons, ideas about, and knowledge of, the self are verified and sustained by memories of particular incidents. According to Neisser (1988) what information we remember is dependent on what we currently believe along with what has been stored. What we recall and what we decide to share with others is crucial as it influences others perception of us. This can be related to our need to belong and studies such as Tice (1992) and Schlenker, Dlugolecki, Doherty (1994) suggest that p eople use self-presentations to uphold a certain identity, and how they portray themselves to others determines how they end up viewing themselves. Jones, Rhodewalt, Berglas, and Skelton (1981) provided a biased scanning model suggesting that certain behaviours cause people to scan their memories for certain kinds of information, and these scans can leave a biased example of ones own behaviour in memory, thereby determining how the person thinks of himself or herself. McLean et al. (2007) claimed that To witness the construction of situated stories is to understand the dynamic development of the self. Indeed, sharing stories is the mechanism through which people become selves. (p. 275). This final quote sums up the argument of the paper in that the self can never fully be appreciated without the memories and experiences with which it is defined. Conclusion The argument presented in this paper introduces the importance of self knowledge and in particular the extended self in developing a greater understanding of the self. While incorporating other theorists views, self knowledge is emphasized in that it can shape and is inter-related with various other aspects of the self. Autobiographical memories and life stories of the extended self affects interpersonal relations, which in turn can affect an individuals need to belong and self presentations or vice versa and so on, thus, is at the heart of the discovery of the self. As stated in the introduction, the view portrayed in the present paper is similar to that of Belks, that the self cannot simply be viewed through components which are universal. Self knowledge and specifically an individuals extended self is a vital contributor to a greater understanding of the self, one that is completely unique to the person and thus defines the self through their own personal life stories and experien ces. This does not mean to deny the important contribution of self-esteem and a variety of other components in understanding the self but merely addresses the significance of another perspective which incorporates the contribution of self-knowledge in the construction and perception of the self.

Jose Rizal’s Poem and Writings

Why did Rizal write the following poems and essays? * To the Philippine Youth. He wrote this to emphasize that the youth is the hope of our nation and that they should be educated to help in the progress of the country. He also included that Filipino should love their own mother tongue. * My First Inspiration. This was written by Rizal to teach us that our mother should be our first inspiration as our mother is the one who bear us and gives us the support from the very beginning.Our mother is also our first teacher. * Love of Country. This was written by Rizal to remind us that we must love our own motherland and as Filipinos we should somehow sacrifice ourselves for our country. * A Remembrance for My Town. This was written by Rizal for us Filipinos to be reminded that we should not forget our fatherland where we came from and the cultures we are used to and values we are taught of. * Through Education, Our Motherland Receives Life.Rizal wrote this to open our minds that as the Fili pino acquires education, he can help the country in seeking freedom and improving the life of the Filipinos. * To the Flowers of Heidelberg. Rizal wrote this while he was in Heidelberg as they were having their tour, wherein the flowers blooming in Heidelberg reminds him of his garden in Calamba * My Retreat. This poem was written in account of Rizal’s mother’s request to revive his interest in writing poems.Here, he portrayed how serene his life was while he is in exile. Rizal clearly expressed his acceptance of his fate and that justice will overcome in the end. * A Letter to Young Women of Malolos. This famous essay was written to commend the young women of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of the parish priest Fr. Garcia.This essay also contains Rizal’s ultimate desire which is for the Filipino women to have the same opportunity enjoyed by men in terms of education since education will unsha ckle the women. * My Last Farewell. This poem was written by Rizal showing his spirit of fairness and justice. This is his farewell to his native land which he gladly offers his life. In this poem, it depicts that he faced his death calmly for he was aware that he is going to a place where there are no claves and God reigns supreme.

Marketing research RRL

Bin empathy is the term used by service strategist to ensure that kind of mechanical human interaction does not happen that employee who serve customers are responsive ,competent and empathic.. This is not means that they listen to the needs of people but also that they demonstrate empathy. Some though have taken this much further, they think of the numerous. Service are performance and people are the performers. From the customer perspective the people performing the service are the company. An incompetent insurance company .The component of this performance can as in the theatre. Be planned and designed to achieve any desired outcome and maintained over a long period of time. What the supplier see's as a set of operational procedures can be thought of as customers script. Have achieved success by intuitively applying dramatic technique to service business Service script is followed. It is that the quality of service will match the expectations of the buyers and intention of the sup plier so this script needs to be worked out carefully. Communicate the intention of the suppliaer. T seems, then that concept and paradigms do help employees who have to serve customers to demonstrate emotional empathy. A recognized framework put words concepts and engage to demonstrate emotional empathy When trying to plan service improvement, particularly in a large firm, it is possible to break the service often into recognizable components, or features which can be individually improved by doing so, suppliers can understand which aspect of their service is deficient when compared with customers expectation or competitor performance The attribute required by most customers were.Timeliness: the service is provided promptly Empathy; the organization understands the customers need . Assurance: technical correctness of the work Fees: providing value of money Tangibles: providing evidence hat the work is performed correctly Reliability the firm does what it says it will. Understanding lifetime value and customer profitability This important concept changes the perspective on a customer and prompts investment in customer care. Although he didn't give it this name .. The concept of lifetime value of customers suggests that firms know four things about a customer .The total revenue from all work in any given year The costs of service to those customers. Including proposal and prospecting cost The anticipated duration of the relationship of the customers to the firm . The profit in any given year and the total profit. Service Strategy, Like all other strategic issues. Quality of service is important to service is so important to service companies that an explicit service strategy should develop. Dublin 2008- Customers care is an aspect of service Businesses that contributes to growth in revenue and reputation.It has strategic implications for business growth which can. Product and Service Planning Product and service and planning includes activities such as test mar keting product and brand positioning: devising warranties: packaging determining product options, product features, product style, and product laity deleting old products, and providing for customer service. One of the most effective product and service planning techniques is test marketing test markets allow an organization to test alternative marketing plans and to forecast future sales of a new product.The environment and the modern management imperatives Bocce 2008-Paul licker refers to seven modern management imperatives (Licker,1997) Reach- this recognizes that businesses increasingly complete globally rather than locally or within national boundaries Reaction- customers are becoming ever more demanding and customers will make their view known and wish to have them expected Responsiveness- the process of turning an idea into a product or service that can be marketed in shortening- global reach means that there will be a greater problem ability that a competitor will be able to offer a good or service that more closely meets customers requirements.. Refinement-Refinement greater customer sophistication and specificity means that customers are more able than ever to distinguish fine between products and compare them with their needs and desires.. Reconfiguration- as a consequence of changing customers needs and preferences it may be necessary to re-engineer work patterns and organizational trustees change the structure of work and workflow from idea to product service. The Importance of service Quality.Customer care and service quality are important for several reason. Firstly service quality affects the attitudes of buyers toward repurchase. If they have a good experience they are more likely to buy again and if a poor experience. Some recent writers have even suggested customers reaction to service quality induce loyalty to the supplier. Which can be measured and managed. Service Quality and customer Care A Recent History Greasily 2008- Deponents of serv ice quality concept normally that an emphasis n customers care was not necessary before 20th century and only develop as consumerism grew. That is not the case though. For instance, British potter Josiah.It seems that difficulty occurred as distribution chains grew and marketing was functionalities in the mid 20th century. Competitive Strategies Thomson 2008- In findings its competitive edge within these five forces, porter suggests that a company can adopt one three strategies Differentiation The Differentiation strategy involves an attempt to distinguish the firm's product others in the industry. Companies that pursue a differentiation strategy typically need strong arresting abilities, a creative flair and reputation for leadership. In the form of customers loyalty that a new entrant into the market would have difficulty overcoming. Cost leadership. With A cost Leadership strategy, the organization aggressively seeks efficient facilities.Likewise, the low -cost producer is protec ted from powerful customers and supplier, because customers cannot find lower prices where the other buyer would have less slack for price negotiation with supplier. One on one Marketing Ford 2009- One on One marketing, as the name implies individual product with individual customers. This way of dealing with customers takes differentiated or niche marketing to the extreme. Successful one on one marketing requires detailed knowledge of customers Production Versus marketing Orientation The production and marketing orientation are complementary ways to look at business. Transactional View One view of exchange is the teach and every interaction with his a unique and independent event. Transactional Selling can be more adversarial cooperative.Price become a key consideration -neither the sales person nor customers is looking for much beyond the immediate transaction. Relational Selling Attracting new customers costs significantly more than reselling to current customer. Customer Loyalty Loyal customers are like money in the bank because their purchases provide revenue into the future customers loyalty is a function of two components. The second components of customers loyalty is intangible and based on emotion. Customers commitment is the bond between a customers and a sales firm that builds. Up overtime as a customer continues to have rewarding sales exchanges with a supplier Computing the Value off Customer.CRM implies that firm should mange different customer differently. While infrequent flyers may not see things the same way. The special treatment is worthwhile because platinum flyers provide a disproportionate amount of revenue based on their frequent flying behavior based on their frequent flying behavior. The sales and managing customers . Marketing strategy is one way firms go about creating value. Value is the individual's selective perception of the worth of some activity, object or idea. With C. R. M the salesperson does more than Just create sales. Ga ther important data about the customers and the market. Identify the types of data needed to give the customers better service

Social Media YouTube essay

Social Media YouTube essay Social Media: YouTube essay Social Media: YouTube essayToday, social media play an increasingly more important role in the life of society because users spend a lot of time online and they view social media as an important source of information about issues which users are concerned with. YouTube, being one of the mainstream social media, allows users to share their videos online, create their channels and, thus, create their virtual communities united by common interests. YouTube also becomes a tool of the promotion of individuals and ideas because users can use the social media to promote themselves and their ideas. In such a situation, the distinct feature of YouTube is its performativity because users publishing their videos on YouTube focus on their performativity. Otherwise, they will not attract many users and become virtually useless for other users of YouTube but the authors of those videos (Lombe Ssewamala 39). Hence, the performativity is not only the distinct feature of YouTube but also an essentia l condition of success of videos published on YouTube, whereas the public grows too concerned with the performativity that often leads to the failure of the audience to notice really significant and important issues, while perfomrability become prior to the cultural and social value of videos and messages published on YouTube. In such a way, the performativity of YouTube has a dubious effect, since, on the one hand, YouTube performativity makes it attractive and powerful social media allowing sharing visual data by users worldwide, while, on the other hand, YouTube performativity has a de structive impact on the existing legal and socio-cultural or ethical norms because often data published on YouTube violate basic rights, such as privacy or copyright, and offend existing ethical norms.At the same time, social media became generators of the mainstream culture and new trends. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the development of social media, like YouTube, opens new opportunities for the development of virtual social communities united by their common interests. Users spend more and more time online developing their virtual social relations online. Social media become an important part of their life and virtual communities created with the help of and within social media play an important part in the development of socio-cultural norms and standards that affect the development of basic ethical and cultural norms of people and influence their lifestyle substantially.YouTube has become a highly influential media which is extremely popular among users worldwide. Today, YouTube has millions or even billions of users worldwide. This is one of the most popular social media along with FaceBook, Twitter and others. The popularity of YouTube is closely intertwined with the publishing opportunity offered by the social media because users can publish their videos both documentary and featured ones. In such a way, users get ample opportunities to share th eir videos instantly. At the same time, the distinct feature of YouTube is its perfomrability because it is the performativity of videos that attracts users and the more performable a video is the more users will watch it, the more popular it becomes.Even though YouTube focuses on sharing videos mainly, the social media still opens wide opportunities for users to share their creative ideas and make them performable. Users may be driven by different concerns, while publishing their videos and sharing information with others. Some of them may be willing to publishing some interesting facts recorded by them in the real world, while others manifest their creativity with the help of YouTube.YouTube allows watching diverse videos and channels which may vary in their content. However, the popularity of videos determines their availability to the audience that influences the perception of information by the audience. For instance, the video that has the highest number of views becomes more and more popular and becomes mainstream, even though in its essence the video may have little cultural value or poor messages (Warr 291). In fact, the point is to make videos performable. The overwhelming majority of users publishing their videos on YouTube are concerned with the popularity of their videos than their content. Such a competition encourages users to focus on performativity of their videos above all.What makes YouTube really popular and mainstream social media is its performativity because the audience receive what it wants and expects from the media, the performance, the show and entertainment with the possibility of the further communication and even interaction with other users of YouTube. For instance, users publishing the video on YouTube may expect the positive feedback from other users. If they receive a negative feedback, they may become interested in creating a new video to match the public interests. In such a way, videos become more and more performable to g ain the positive feedback from the part of other users watching them on YouTube.However, often the quantity of views determines the popularity of videos in YouTube and users erroneously associate the quality of the video with the number of views. In other words, they may believe that if the video has a large number of views, than it is good and mainstream.Furthermore, users can leave comments after the video that also contributes to the formation of specific ideas because users may conduct disputes as they leave their comments.Furthermore, videos published on YouTube may encourage users to publish their video responses that contribute to the further attraction of the users’ attention to the issue that has become the subject of controversy or dispute between users.The popularity of YouTube is, to a significant extent, determined by the interest of the audience in visual information. In fact, it is not the interest proper. To put it more precisely, users prefer YouTube because this social media provides them with visual messages which are preferable for the public than print messages for instance (Warr 290). As people perceive the information about the surrounding world with the help of vision, they naturally choose YouTube in place of other social media because they have an opportunity to receive visual information that facilitates their perception of messages conveyed via YouTube.At the same time, it is necessary to take the commercial background and opportunities offered by YouTube to its users. For instance, users can benefit from the cooperation with advertisers but they need to make their videos and channels popular to attract more advertisers. In such a way, YouTube offers business opportunities for users that stimulates the development of diverse channels to meet current demands of the public or create new ones.Social Media: YouTube essay part 2

Final Project Part I Milestone Two, Research Design Essay Example

Final Project Part I Milestone Two, Research Design Essay Example Final Project Part I Milestone Two, Research Design Essay Final Project Part I Milestone Two, Research Design Essay Numerous past research studies have portrayed that there is a close correlation between perinatal exposure of a fetus to a psychologically disturbed environment and the development of mental problems in children, later on in their lives. Even though past research have justified that genetics plays a critical role in the development of mental illness in the children after birth, such illnesses can also be determined by other biological processes. Such are the biological processes that determine the genetic combinations of genes in a zygote formed by the genetic materials from both parents. This activity entails the selection of an appropriate research design, which will be used in finding answers to the research question on how genetics determine the mental and psychological outcomes of children. There exists a gap in this field of social psychology because there is no recorded empirical evidence that portrays the relationship between genetics and mental illnesses development. In order to investigate this phenomenon, a correlation research design will be employed. This is because it will not be possible to manipulate or control the independent variables of the research. The research design will be appropriate because the independent variables can only be measured. The choice of this research design is based on the initial research ideas in the module two discussion pertaining the relationship between perinatal mental disorders and the risk of developing psychological problems among children : In the module two discussion, several variables were identified, which included perinatal mental disorders, care giving difficulties and social, economic status. The variables were analyzed with a view of ascertaining whether they have any role in influencing the psychological outcomes of children. Since there is no way that such variables could be manipulated, I decided to use the correlation research design in the concurrent research study focused on establishing the connection between genetics and mental illnesses in children. There are two elements that are added for consideration when performing the research study. First, mental disorders always encompass more than one gene. Past research studies have supported that mental disorders are caused by different genes, situated in different chromosomes in different persons. Secondly, the genes associated with mental illnesses do not always illustrate the same level of penetrance among persons. In this case, penetrance is the frequency with which a specified gene develops its effects in a specified grouping of persons. The research design will be implemented by conducting a random survey of women who have had at least one mentally ill child in the past. A questionnaire instrument will be employed to collect data from the women pertaining their knowledge of their genes contribution in the mental illnesses of their children. There will be one principal strategy that I will employ in managing the issue of ethics in the proposed research question. Since mental illnesses in children is a sensitive issue among numerous parents, an open-ended questionnaire will be issued to the research participants. This way, they will be in a position to fill in all responses they are comfortable with, especially those pertaining their mentally sick children.

Beneficiary Principle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beneficiary Principle - Case Study Example Therefore, it can be safely deduced that Grant's final intention was to give the "Gatesgarth" house to Polly. The latter's failure to register the title transfer in her favor with the Land Registry is of no moment. This is so despite the provision in Section 23 of the Probate Law subsequent conveyance or any other act done after the execution of the will shall not prevent the operation of the will. b.) No, Joe is not entitled to the shares in Smallco Ltd. It is required by law that in case of transfer of stocks or shares in a company, the same must be done by executing a stock transfer form and deliver it to the company together with the stock or share certificate for the specific purpose of transferring the name in the stock certificate and in the stock and transfer book of the company. It is only upon registration of such transfer that the transfer binds third parties. The act of Grant handing his share certificate for 1000 shares in Smallco Ltd. ... RSCPA is entitled to the shares in Smallco Ltd. This is in accordance with Grant's valid will, giving the rest of his estate to RSPCA, which is a registered charity. Since the state does not recognize the principle of "legitime" or "forced heirship", it is the will of the decedent that should be followed in the distribution of estate. By virtue of this provision in Grant's will which gives effect to the principle of residuary devises, all monies and properties of Grant that did not pass to some particular beneficiaries shall be given to RSPCA. c.) Grant's telephone conversation with Tom during his lifetime regarding the trust has no legal effect whatsoever. A mere telephone conversation will not suffice as to validly effect a transfer of benefits under a trust agreement. To effect such transfer of shares to Polly, Grant must have executed a formal deed of conveyance during his lifetime, prior to the transfer of shares to Polly so as to validate the same. Tom's act of transferring the shares to Polly without a formal act on the part of Grant has no legal effect whatsoever as it is not supported by a legal document to prove the intent of Grant to let go of his shares in favor of Polly. Since transfer of stocks requires compliance with certain formalities as execution of a deed of transfer or any act of formal conveyance and presentation thereof together with the stock certificate to the company for purposes of transferring the registration in the stock and transfer book, and issuing a new stock certificate in the name of another person, the transfer made by Tom is therefore unlawful and is considered null and void. Henceforth, title to the shares of stock must revert back to Grant's estate and be distributed according to his

German Student Movement of the Late 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

German Student Movement of the Late 1960s - Essay Example The young Germans were of the view that the government failed to act and get over the post Nazi era. The students held that Nazi sympathizers were going unpunished and the people in authority had mentalities that were similar to those used to create the Nazi government. This and along with the many problems that existed in the university systems evoked sentiments of distrust and fear of the authorities among students. The grievances in the university system were associated with unfair representation of the students in their unions and university panels. The ex-Nazi professors brought the view that the administration was reminiscent of the infamous third Reich of the Nazi regime. The United States of America played a major role in influencing and determining the outcome of the 68er –Bwegung in West Germany. Though not physically, the United States clearly determined a clear path followed by the movement and contributed to the start of the riots. West Germany and America had clo se cultural and social relation after the war that helped in transnational exchange. The anti war movement in America instituted teach-ins that influenced the German student movement. The teach-ins produced intellectuals who shared an opinion that was in opposition to the Vietnam War. The war illustrated the worldwide spread of imperialism by America to the West German student organization, SDS, who saw the need for a global revolutionary alliance of activists of the first world against the cynical democracy that was the United States. Though the movement focused on the national grievances and problems in the university system at the time (Turner 166), the Vietnam War was a fundamental issue that was associated with the formation and sustaining of the German student movement. The transnational exchange system allowed the exchange of views as well as a sneak peak of the American society to Germans. This generated a part of the population that had more awareness of their rights and in creased civil rights actions. The increased popularity of left extremist movements converted many universities in West Germany into battlefields for ideas (Turner 166). The perception of the US government by the young generation started changing as they share views that are more liberal. The generation had a negative view of the occupation and thought their nation had not mastered its legacy in the post war period as because of the United States political influence. The students turned into critiques of the United States who joined the growing movements around the globe that were anti-America. Therefore, America through its social and cultural relation and activities with West Germany facilitated the arising of the German student movement as it resulted in creating intellectuals with more liberal views and civil rights awareness. The powerful uprisings in the united states in the 1950’s were significant in the emergence of the German student movement. Movements like the Afric an-American civil rights movement had strategies that advocated denunciation of a system and civil disobedience in order to attain equal rights for everyone. These beliefs and strategies motivated protesters, mostly students, to change their approach in protesting. They adopted methods that were more political, violent, and militant (Turner 171). The end of the Second World War saw the occupation of West Germany by the United States. The United States supported the government of Federal Republic of Germany, through the marshal plan, in its attempt to rebuild the economy and infrastructure. This resulted in developing a good relationship between the two nations and in the citizens of West Germany having a good opinion of America. The